How does fandom affects spectatorship?

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02264.x/abstract

> Interesting extract from 'Journal of Communication' Volume 40, Issue 2 "The Effects of Race, Gender, and Fandom on Audience Interpretations of Madonna's Music Videos"

Fandom allows spectators to have more freedom with the film and encourages audiences to become more involved. By having the fans getting more involved with the film by dressing up and creating their own image based on the characters of the film, they are increasing the alignment they have with the characters as they may feel more inclined and have more of a personal relationship with this character. By increasing this alignment, they are impacting their own spectatorship as they may have a deeper or different understanding of the messages within that film. Fandom allows wider audience ranges as it is noticed with science-fiction films in particular that through fandom, female audiences have become more involved and by the directors and producers of the films seeing the increasing involvement between these spectators and film, they may adapt the ways in which they create these films and the characters to keep these female audiences involved. Fandom also breaks down the barriers between film and real life, meaning it may make the film become more "real" to spectators which would interfere with the ways in which they see the ideas and messages within the film.